Virtual museum of Russian aggression.

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Crimean Bridge: Hitler's plans

The idea of building a bridge across the Kerch Strait was not new. Adolf Hitler, for one, had similar plans. He justified the occupation of Crimea by some far-fetched "historical" factors and considered the peninsula to be the home of the Germanic tribe of the Goths. Therefore, he personally ordered the construction of a transcontinental railway line from Munich through Crimea and on to India. German troops partially succeeded in implementing the temporary bridge project. The Germans built a rope way across the Kerch Strait in 1943 to help their troops get a foothold in the Kuban.

Back then, military defeats prevented the invaders from completing the extensive project, but the Soviet engineers did use the construction materials brought over by the Germans. In 1944, a temporary railway bridge was erected between the stations Krym and Kavkaz. However, the structure only held until the winter of 1945 when pillars of the structure collapsed under the pressure of drifting ice. The Soviet government abandoned the plans of restoring the bridge altogether in the 1970s, in no small measure due to the prohibitive cost of the project.

The idea of overland link across the strait re-emerged in the early 1990s when both of its shores belonged to different states: Ukraine and Russia. In the 2000s, the project envisaged the use of the island of Tuzla, which later would become the subject of an interstate conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

In the midst of the Revolution of Dignity, Viktor Yanukovych would consider such projects a kind of a life vest that might help him keep the power. On 12/17/2013, during his visit to Moscow, he entered into a treaty on joint actions to organize the construction of a transport link across the Kerch Strait, which was signed in a package, along with other political and economic treaties. This agreement was terminated by a resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. However, the invader would soon implement the bridge project unilaterally.


Crimean bridge: Putin's "accomplishments"

Like the German dictator, Vladimir Putin refers to the annexation as restoration of some historical justice rather than occupation. Commissioning of the bridge was one of top priorities on his agenda; purporting it to be not just some ordinary commissioning but rather a "restoration" of traffic between Russia and Crimea, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol.

On 08/11/2014, the Government of the Russian Federation issued its Decree No. 790, approving the so-called Federal Target Program of Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol for the period up to 2020. It made provisions for almost 247 billion rubles (about $ 6.8 billion at the exchange rate effective on 08/11/2014) for the construction of the bridge and the auxiliary infrastructure.

The invaders built the so-called Crimean Bridge – a traffic link 19 km long. It stands on 596 supports and 7,000 pillars. About 13 thousand km of reinforcement bars were used for the construction of the four-lane automobile component of the bridge. The arched sections of the bridge are 227 m long and 35 m high. Over 10,000 builders were involved in its construction.

Vladimir Putin personally took part in the illegal opening of the automobile and railway branches of the Crimean Bridge. The show was staged in the best traditions of the Soviet era. The automobile component of the bridge was commissioned on 05/15/2018. As part of the scenario, the Russian president drove a KamAZ truck at the head of a column of trucks and construction machinery that allegedly took part in the construction of the facility (about 35 vehicles in total).

On 12/23/2019, Vladimir Putin launched railway traffic on the bridge across the Kerch Strait. In the cabin of a rail bus, he went from the temporarily occupied Kerch to the station Taman on the Russian side of the strait. En route, the Russian president talked with the builders of the bridge. These Russian construction projects served to fuel the Kremlin dictator's personality cult. Construction has been glorified in every possible way in Russian songs, films, TV shows, etc.


Crimean bridge: significance for Russia

From the point of view of transportation, infrastructural importance and logistics, the illegally erected bridge is used by the aggressor state as one of the means to promote forced integration of the temporarily occupied territory into its structure.

The Crimean Bridge is systematically used in strengthening of the occupational combined force in Crimea and the Russian Black Sea Fleet. The occupying state conducts diverse and frequent military exercises in the region, regularly redeploying additional forces across the bridge from Russia to the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The bridge also improved the capabilities of the so-called "Syrian Express" of the Russian Federation.

Ostensibly for the protection and safety of the bridge, the occupying state imposes restrictions on free navigation. The Russian Federation regularly practices permanent or temporary closures of certain sea areas for navigation in the waters of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, particularly in the areas where the bridge is located. The Coast Guard of the Russian Federation is harassing the merchant maritime traffic with frequent illegal stops and searches of the vessels traveling to/from the Sea of Azov through the Kerch Strait. This causes significant economic damages to the ship-owners and to Ukrainian Azov Sea ports in Berdyansk and Mariupol.

The Russian Federation unilaterally began to apply its national laws and regulations to the waters of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov. Thus, the aggressor state got a pretext to treat any action taken by Ukraine to protect its state sovereignty at sea as an act of provocation and subsequently qualify it as a casus belli. A striking example of this is the incident that happened in the Kerch Strait on 11/25/2018.

De facto, the Sea of Azov was turned into an internal lake of Russia while the occupying state uses the Kerch Strait and the Kerch Bridge as a tool to exert military, political and economic pressure on Ukraine. The threat of the creeping occupation of the entire Black Sea region is still there. The Russian Federation may attempt to establish control over the maritime transit routes near the illegally seized oil and gas platforms on the Black Sea shelf of Ukraine, or even launch an armed assault on the Snake Island.


Document

About establishment of borders and configuration (spatial outlines of borders) of safety zones around separate objects of transport infrastructure

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P.S.

On the whole, the construction of the Crimean Bridge has helped the Russian Federation to significantly increase its military logistics capabilities in the Azov and Black Sea region.

The on-line portal of regulatory and legal acts of the Russian Federation published the order of the Russian Ministry of Transport establishing boundaries and configuration (spatial outlines of boundaries) of security zones around certain objects of transport infrastructure. This is how the so-called "security zones" were established within the temporarily occupied territory and in the waters of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov. These zones have ground (land), air and water components. Their establishment has further complicated civil merchant shipping, effectively tightening the blockade of the Ukrainian ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol.

This decision is substantiated by the inclusion of the bridge across the Kerch Strait on the Russian list of certain infrastructure objects used in transportation of nuclear materials. A step like this may indirectly indicate that nuclear weapons and nuclear infrastructure could be present in Crimea, which is in need of maintenance, meaning specifically the need to transport nuclear materials and relevant pieces of weapons and military equipment from the territory of the Russian Federation.

In addition, the illegal construction of the Crimean Bridge caused damage to the environment. This infrastructure project may trigger irreversible changes in the ecosystems of the Azov and Black Seas and cause environmental damage to the island of Tuzla. Potentially, changes in the currents and level of waters, as well as in chemical composition of water which could lead to the death of many living organisms, including the listed dolphins.

Actions of the occupying state in relation to navigation in the waters of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov represent a gross violation of the international maritime law, specifically the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, as well as the 2003 treaty between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait. The most comprehensive documents that condemn this situation are: Resolution of the UN General Assembly A/RES/73/194 (Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov dated 12/17/2018); A/RES/74/17 (Problem of the militarization of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, as well as parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov dated 12/09/2019); and Resolution of the European Parliament 2018/2870 (RSP) on the situation in the Sea of Azov dated 10/25/2018.

On 12/22/2016, a court was formed in response to the claim filed by Ukraine against the Russian Federation in accordance with the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which commenced consideration of the case of Ukraine vs. the Russian Federation (Dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation regarding the rights of a coastal state in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and in the Kerch Strait) in early 2017. Within the framework of the relevant case, Ukraine seeks a legal remedy from the Arbitration Court against the Russian Federation's violations of the Convention which would reaffirm the rights of Ukraine as a coastal state in the Black and the Sea of Azov, and in the Kerch Strait, and would oblige the Russian Federation to respect the sovereign rights of Ukraine in its waters, cease and desist from the illegal use of Ukrainian resources and to compensate Ukraine against the damage it has already caused. Ukraine's claims also refer to the illegal construction of the Kerch Bridge.

On 02/21/2020, the Arbitration Court resolved to consider the case on the merits of the maritime dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation.

Background information

Environmental offenses in Crimea

Published on 2021-09-01

Anton Tverdovskyi

chief consultant Mission of the President of Ukraine in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Sources

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