Virtual museum of Russian aggression.

Virtual museum of Russian aggression.

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Civilians on the path of the aggressor

For many residents of Kyiv, especially the older generation, Bucha is associated with bright childhood memories, impressions of summer vacation. The town in the northwest of Kyiv attracted people with its dacha areas, mostly pine forests, bodies of water, and fresh air. Over the years of Ukraine's independence, Bucha has actively developed and became a city, and with the decentralization reform, it also became an administrative center. In recent years, the city has also attracted favorable conditions for investment in housing. People who worked in the capital found a cozy home here. It is a peaceful suburb of Kyiv, where modern parks, sports, artistic, educational institutions, charitable centers, shopping, and entertainment centers, restaurants, and fitness clubs have appeared.


However, all these cozy associations with Bucha were changed by Russian aggression. With the start of a full-scale invasion, the city was in the path of the Russian army's advance, which was carried out from the territory of Belarus. Active fighting started just a few kilometers away on February 24, 2022. The Russian airborne troops attempted to capture the Antonov airport near Hostomel. Bucha itself was also of interest to the Russians. A major international highway passes through the city, which the Russian military wanted to use to enter the capital.

The Russian military expected to quickly capture Kyiv. They did not believe they would encounter strong resistance from the Ukrainian armed forces. However, it was in Bucha that the occupiers suffered one of the first blows in response. On February 27, 2022, a column of Russian armored vehicles that entered the city was destroyed on Vokzalna Street by a successful artillery strike.


However, this success only delayed the occupation of Bucha. Under pressure from the Russian offensive, Ukrainian units were forced to retreat to other positions. According to the mayor of the city, Anatoliy Fedoruk, Bucha remained outside of part of the defensive perimeter of Kyiv. Russian forces entered the city on March 3, 2022. A month-long period of occupation began, marked by massive crimes against the civilian population.

In Bucha, there was not enough time to organize a territorial defense unit. However, the people were ready to defend their hometown. They self-organized and, as much as possible, sought to resist the occupiers. Both veterans with combat experience and ordinary residents joined the informal unit. They lacked weapons, but they had plenty of motivation to fight and help people.

One of them, Ivan Skyba, a 43-year-old taxi driver, was in Kyiv when the full-scale invasion began. However, his wife and four children were waiting for him in Bucha. The family decided to stay in the suburb. Upon hearing about the self-organization of the Bucha territorial defense, Ivan and his friend, Sviatoslav Turovskyi, joined its ranks. Together with other volunteers, they patrolled the city, stood guard at checkpoints, and helped people evacuate.


“There was no fear. None at all. There was a desire to unite, to gather. We were on our feet all the time. In our free time, we delivered food to those who were hiding in the basements, to women and children. There was no time to be afraid”

Ivan Skyba, volunteer of the Bucha Self-Defense, 

interview with Fergal Keane, BBC

One of the improvised checkpoints was located on Yablunska Street. When the Russian military entered Bucha on March 3, 2022, there were six fighters stationed there - Anatoliy Prykhodko, Andriy Matviychuk, Andriy Verbovyi, Sviatoslav Turovskyi, Vitaliy Karpenko, and Ivan Skyba. They had only one grenade and one rifle for everyone. These Ukrainian defenders could not resist the advance of a large unit of regular Russian troops. Therefore, upon learning that the occupiers were advancing in their direction, they decided to hide nearby, in house number 31 on Yablunska Street. Valeriy Kotenko lived there and helped the guys set up their position, bringing coffee and tea. Later, two more fighters joined them - Denis Rudenko and Andriy Dvornikov.

Torture and executions

Soon the Russians occupy what was once a peaceful town. Ukrainian volunteers find themselves surrounded. On the night of March 4, 2022, they remain in a house, trying to stay in touch with their families. Andriy Dvornikov sends an SMS message to his wife. Anatoliy Prykhodko calls his wife, and around 10:00 in the morning, he sends her a last message from Valeriy Kotenko's house.

Soon, the Russians break in. These are so-called sweeps - supposedly searches for Ukrainian activists and territorial defense fighters. Russian troops find all nine men. They take their mobile phones and shoes.

By force, they are taken to an old office building. Here, at 144 Yablunska Street, the Russian military set up a "headquarters." At around 11:00, surveillance cameras capture the occupiers, threatening with weapons, leading the 9 detained men somewhere.

Since the beginning of the occupation of the city, the building on Yablunska Street has been used for repression against the population. When the captured volunteers are brought to the occupiers' headquarters, there are already several people gathered from the surrounding buildings. They witness the crime committed by the occupiers against the group of men who were detained.

They are forced to kneel in front of the building, shirts and sweaters are put over their heads, and they are immediately beaten. The Russians believe that they were preparing an attack on them. They kill one of the detainees - 28-year-old Vitaliy Karpenko becomes the first victim. When one of the captives admits that they belong to the territorial defense, the beatings intensify.


Ivana Skyba is brought into the house, they put a bucket on his head and smash bricks onto it. They order him to kneel and place bricks on his back until he falls. Meanwhile, they interrogate Andriy Verbovyi. Ivan hears the Russian say to Andriy that he will shoot his leg. After this, a gunshot is heard.


Later, they take Ivan outside with other illegally detained people. Andriy is also taken there, bleeding. The Russians argue whether to finish him off or not.

Locals are also on the street, held separately. Witnesses recall that the occupiers called the volunteers the mythical "nationalists" whom they came to fight against in Ukraine.

“He [the Russian] told us: 'Don't look at those people lying on the ground. They're not people. They're absolute filth. Filth. They're not people. They're animals.”

Lyudmyla Moskalenko, interview

The occupiers bring in another young man whom they caught separately. Only the pleas of his mother, Iryna Volynets, and the assurances of other detainees that he had no connection to their activities, saved the man's life.

But the fate of the other captives was decided. The men were led to a small courtyard at the corner where the body of a person who had been shot earlier was already lying. The Russians began to mock their victims.

"They enjoyed the shooting, swore, and said, 'That's it. You're done!' We said our goodbyes to each other. That's it,"

Ivan Skyba, a volunteer of the Bucha Self-Defense, 

an interview with Fergal Keane, BBC.

Anatoliy Prykhodko tried to escape, but he was killed. Afterward, the occupiers open fire on the other prisoners. Only Ivan Skyba manages to survive, but he is wounded in the side. The Russians do not check the condition of the executed people and do not linger in the courtyard. Waiting for them to leave the scene, he removes shoes from the body of the man who was killed earlier, crawls to the fence, and climbs over it.

Ivan hides in an abandoned house. It turns out that the Russians have also stopped there. Skyba manages to convince them that he is the owner of the house and that he was injured during the shelling. They believe him and decide to provide assistance. They take him back to the headquarters, from which he barely escaped. However, he does not find his tormentors there. Medics treat his wounds and place him with civilians in the basement. A few days later, they allow them to leave the city.

Bodies and a torture chamber found

The bodies of Ivan Skyba's comrades, as well as other people, have been lying in the courtyard for almost a month. The head of the city funeral service, Serhiy Kaplychnyi, reports that in early April, he discovered the bodies of eight people shot at 144 Yablunska Street. Six of them had their hands tied. One more body is found inside the building.

The investigation is still ongoing. However, some clues allow to identify the initial circle of suspects. Evidence collected at the crime scene and eyewitness testimonies confirm the presence of soldiers from the Rosgvardiya "Vityaz" special forces unit in Bucha. The building where Ukrainian citizens were executed was occupied by soldiers from the 104th and 234th airborne assault regiments, which are part of the 76th airborne assault division based in Pskov. Russian military personnel took Ivan Skyba's phone, which was used to make calls home. The list of calls to Russian numbers has been made public. They are linked to the eight Russian paratroopers who were in Bucha.

But this horrific crime was not the only one committed by Russian military. For example, the the " Promenystyi" camp, which used to be a place of rest and recuperation for children, became the site of execution of Ukrainians of the peaceful town of Bucha. In the basement of a dormitory at 123 Vokzalna Street, located within the territory of the camp, the bodies of five men are found after the city was liberated. Most of them also had their hands tied. The identities of the deceased were established according to Ukrainian official sources as Serhiy Mateshko, Dmitro Shulmeyster, Volodymyr Boychenko, Valeriy Prudko, and his son Viktor.

It is known that the victims were helping other people who had found themselves under occupation in the neighboring town of Hostomel.

"He called me every day and said he was alive and well... He said, 'I'm looking for food, medicine, firewood, and water. We deliver it with the guys'"

 Olena (Aliona) Mykytyuk, the sister of Volodymyr Boychenko, interview

Volodymyr Boychenko was a sailor in the merchant navy who worked as a locksmith. According to his relatives, he did not manage to leave his place of residence in Hostomel after the start of the full-scale invasion and stayed in the occupied territories to help local residents. He last contacted his family on March 8, 2022. Four days later, neighbors reportedly saw him near the " Promenystyi" children's camp, and then he disappeared.


On March 12, 2022, along with Volodymyr, his friend Serhiy Mateshko was present. He lived in Hostomel, while his mother Galyna lived in Bucha. She recalls that on February 24, 2022, he found himself practically in the epicenter of the fighting with two women who were temporarily living in their apartment. Serhiy could not just abandon them, as they were not local and had no idea what to do.

"He told me, 'Mom, don't worry. I can't leave these women, they're not from here, what will they do in a foreign land?'"

 Galyna Mateshko, interview

Galyna last spoke to her son on March 10, 2022. During this time, Serhiy, along with other volunteers, has been helping neighbors. Two days later, there was an opportunity to leave the occupied territory, but according to eyewitnesses, he did not make it to the evacuation bus. His fate became known only after the liberation of Bucha and the discovery of a Russian torture chamber on the territory of a children's camp.

The people who were executed in the house at 144 Yablunska Street and in the "Promenystyi" camp are not the only victims of the Russian invasion in Bucha. The hunt for members of the resistance continued throughout the occupation of the city. On March 18, 2022, 47-year-old Vasyl Nedashkivskyi was arrested on suspicion of ties to the resistance. His family did not know his fate until the city was liberated, when his body and the body of his neighbor, Ihor Lytvynenko, were found in the basement on Sadova Street. Judging from the injuries, the men were tortured and then executed.


Other crimes of the aggressors

In addition to the aforementioned cases of executions, Russian military personnel are responsible for other crimes, including indiscriminate shooting, complete disregard for civilian safety, or criminal motives. Peaceful residents of the city became their victims even before the start of the occupation. For example, on the morning of February 27, 2022, 56-year-old Tetiana Pomazenko was killed in the courtyard of a house on Vokzalna Street. After the city was captured on March 4, 2022, 43-year-old Yevhen Petrashenko, a sales manager and father of two children, was killed in his own apartment (203A Yablunska Street) by Russian soldiers who shot him in the back during an illegal search. At around the same time, 41-year-old electrician Dmytro Konovalov was also killed. He and his relatives were hiding in the basement at 203B Yablunska Street but he went upstairs to smoke. Suddenly, Russian soldiers appeared on the street and shot him without warning. Local resident Iryna Abramova testifies that on March 5, 2022, Russian soldiers executed her husband, 40-year-old Oleh, after setting their house on fire at the intersection of Vokzalna and Yablunska streets. On the same day, they shot 48-year-old Viktor Koval in his own house at 32 Vesniana Street.

The indiscriminate shooting by Russians for any reason posed an additional threat to civilians. For example, on March 5, 2022, on Yablunska Street, they shot and killed Volodymyr Rubailo, who was running away from them with a 9-year-old girl. The child was wounded as a result of the shooting. On March 7, 2022, 32-year-old Vasyl Yushchenko was injured while smoking near the window in his relatives' apartment. Only urgent assistance from neighbors and evacuation to Kyiv saved his life.

The fact that Russian military personnel committed crimes throughout their stay in Bucha is evidenced by photo and video evidence. The bodies of the murdered people on Yablunska Street, which were recorded on video immediately after the liberation of Bucha, caused a great resonance. At the same time, satellite imagery confirms that the killing of civilians in the city began in the first days of the occupation. Bodies were recorded on the streets as early as March 9-11, 2022.

On March 12, 2022, Russian military killed 61-year-old Ilya Navalnyi in Bucha, who lived at 203V Yablunska Street. Witnesses reported hearing gunshots in the yard and later found the man's body near the house with head and back injuries. On the morning of March 19, 2022, near the house at 203A Yablunska Street, Russians shot and killed 51-year-old worker Leonid Goy as he stepped out of cover to call his family. Witnesses reported that on March 20, 2022, occupiers shot and killed 37-year-old Artem, a Bucha resident, when he went into his garage in search of supplies to share with his neighbors.

A few days later (probably on March 22 or 23, 2022), 44-year-old builder Leonid Bondarchuk was killed in the building at 203A Yablunska Street. Russian military came to the basement where people were hiding and ordered all phones to be handed over for inspection. Bondarchuk went upstairs with his mobile devices. After that, witnesses heard gunfire and an explosion. Later, the man's mutilated body was found on the stairs. Judging by the nature of the damage, the Russians threw a grenade there.

On the morning of March 25, 2022, Alexander Yeremich, a 43-year-old railway inspector and father of two, was killed in Bucha. Russian military found photos of the city's destruction on the man's phone and shot him.

All of this is just a small part of the losses that Bucha suffered as a result of Russian aggression. The mass burials in the city testify to the scale of Russian crimes. From the fraternal grave site located near the Church of Andrew the Apostle, 116 bodies were exhumed, of which 2 belonged to Ukrainian military personnel, and the vast majority of those buried were civilians.

The name "Bucha" has entered the history of war crimes. The actions of Russian military in this city have become a vivid example of the fate that the Russian leadership has prepared for the population of Ukraine. Bucha has become a symbol of the genocide of Ukrainians carried out by the Russians, only one of many places where occupiers have left death and suffering behind them. President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyi, speaking before the UN Security Council on April 5, 2022, stated: "The mass killings in our city of Bucha are, unfortunately, just one of many examples of what the occupiers have been doing on our land for 41 days now. And there are many other such places where the world has yet to learn the full truth: Mariupol, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Okhtyrka, Borodyanka, and dozens upon dozens of Ukrainian communities, each of which is like Bucha."

Background information

Genocide

P.S.

According to the employee of the local funeral service, Serhiy Matyuk, volunteers buried about 200 people whose bodies were found on the streets during the occupation. The majority of the deceased were men, almost all with gunshot wounds, and around 50 bodies had tied hands and signs of torture.

The final number of casualties in Bucha has still not been determined. It is known that dozens of civilians died in the city. In early April 2022, the Bucha city authorities stated that 320 civilians had died in Bucha. Prosecutor Ruslan Kravchenko reported that as of April 15, 2022, the bodies of 278 people had been found in Bucha, although this is not a final figure. One and a half months later, the National Police provided updated data, according to which 461 people had directly died in Bucha.

Bucha suffered not only human but also material losses. According to government data, as a result of the hostilities, 1735 residential buildings were damaged or destroyed, including 236 apartment buildings (1 building completely destroyed and 235 damaged) and 1499 individual garden houses (136 completely destroyed and 1363 partially destroyed/damaged). However, Bucha is gradually recovering. As of early August 2022, about 70% of the population had returned to the city. A temporary modular town was opened in Bucha for people who lost their homes.

The memory of Russian crimes is forever tied to Bucha - but people are trying to return to peaceful life. Bucha has been awarded the title of city-hero to honor the feat, mass heroism, and resilience of its citizens demonstrated in defending the city during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.

Published on 2022-08-01

Mykola Zamikula

National Institute for Strategic Studies

Sources

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